Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas

Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas
Latin: Pontificia Studiorum Universitas a Sancto Thoma Aquinate in Urbe
Motto Latin: Caritas veritatis
English: The charity of truth
Established 1222, 1577
Type Pontifical university
Chancellor Bruno Cadoré, O.P.
Rector Vacant (formerly, Charles Morerod, O.P., who was named Bishop-elect)
Students 906 (2011–2012)[1]
Location Rome, Italy
Former names

Collegium Divi Thomæ (1577–1580);

Collegium Divi Thomæ de Urbe (1580–1906);

Pontificium Collegium Divi Thomæ de Urbe (1906–1908);

Pontificium Collegium Internationale Angelicum (1908–1926);

Pontificium Institutum Internationale Angelicum (1926–1942);

Pontificium Athenaeum Internationale Angelicum (1942–1963)
Colors Blue and white          
Nickname Angelicum; PUST
Website www.pust.it

The Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, also known as the Angelicum,[2] is the Dominican university of Rome, and one of the principal pontifical universities. As such, it is directly dependent on the Pope for its recognition as outlined in the Apostolic Constitution Sapientia Christiana,[3] which clarifies the parameters of Church authority and academic freedom. The Angelicum is administered by the Order of Preachers, and is staffed by both religious and lay professors. It serves as the major locus of the authentic Dominican Thomist theological and philosophical tradition among pontifical universities.

Contents

History

Medieval origins

The Angelicum has its roots in the Dominican mission to study and teach truth. More specifically its origin can be traced to the founding of the Dominican studium at the Convent of Santa Sabina at Rome around the year 1222. The distinctively pedagogical character of the Dominican charism as intended by St. Dominic de Guzman at the birth of the Order of Preachers in 1214 is succinctly expressed by the dictum contemplare et contemplata aliis tradere, "to contemplate and to bear the fruits of contemplation to others," which is a paraphrase of St. Thomas Aquinas' teaching on the perfection of the Dominican apostolate.[4] The Order of Preachers was approved in December, 1216 and January, 1217 by Pope Honorius III in the bulls Religiosam vitam and Nos attendentes. On January 21, 1217 Honorious issued the bull Gratiarum omnium[5] recognizing St. Dominic's followers as an Order dedicated to study and preaching. Within one month of this foundation Dominic had sent six of his followers to study at the cathedral school of Toulouse, and on August 15 seven of his followers were dispatched to the great university center of Paris to establish a priory focused on study and preaching. In May 1220 at Bologna the Order's first general chapter mandated that each new priory of the Order maintain its own studium conventuale thus laying the foundations of the Dominican tradition of sponsoring institutions of learning.[6] In response to this mandate the members of the Roman priory of Santa Sabina set up a studium around the year 1222 which flourished in the following centuries.[7]

At the general chapter of Valenciennes in 1259 Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas took part in laying the foundations of a program of studies for novices and lectors to last eight years: two years of philosophy, two years of fundamental theology, Church history and canon law, and four years of theology. Those who showed capacity were sent on to a studium generale to complete this course becoming lector, magister studentium, baccalaureus, and magister theologiae.[8]

In February 1265 the newly elected Pope Clement IV summoned Aquinas to Rome to serve as papal theologian. That same year in accordance with the injunction of the Chapter of the Roman province of the Order of Preachers at Agnani, Aquinas was assigned as Regent Master at the studium at Santa Sabina Aquinas: “Fr. Thome de Aquino iniungimus in remissionem peccatorum quod teneat studium Rome, et volumus quod fratribus qui stant secum ad studendum provideatur in necessariis vestimentis a conventibus de quorum predicatione traxerunt originem. Si autem illi studentes inventi fuerint negligentes in studio, damus potestatem fr. Thome quod ad conventus suos possit eos remittere” (Acta Capitulorum Provincialium, Provinciae Romanae Ordinis Praedicatorum, 1265, n. 12).[9] Tolomeo da Lucca, an associate and early biographer of Aquinas, tells us that at the Santa Sabina studium Aquinas taught the full range of philosophical subjects, both moral and natural.[10] This experiment at Santa Sabina constituted the Order's first studium provinciale, an intermediate school between the studium conventuale and the studium generale. "Prior to this time the Roman Province had offered no specialized education of any sort, no arts, no philosophy; only simple convent schools, with their basic courses in theology for resident friars, were functioning in Tuscany and the meridionale during the first several decades of the order's life. But the new studium at Santa Sabina was to be a school for the province."[11]

It was while teaching at Santa Sabina that Aquinas began to compose his monumental work, the Summa theologiae, which he conceived of specifically as a work suited to beginning students: "Because a doctor of catholic truth ought not only to teach the proficient, but to him pertains also to instruct beginners. as the Apostle says in 1 Corinthians 3: 1-2, as to infants in Christ, I gave you milk to drink, not meat, our proposed intention in this work is to convey those things that pertain to the Christian religion, in a way that is fitting to the instruction of beginners."[12] At Santa Sabina Thomas composed the Prima Pars in its entirety and circulated it in Italy before departing to take up his second regency as professor at the University of Paris (1269–1272).[13] To this period while Aquinas was regent Master at the studium of Santa Sabina can be attributed an impressive list of other works including the Catena aurea in Marcum, the De rationibus fidei, the Catena aurea in Lucam, the Quaestiones disputate de potentia Dei, which convey the contents of disputations Aquinas held during this period at Santa Sabina,[14] the Quaestiones disputate de anima, which were held at Santa Sabina during the academic year 1265-66,[15] Expositio et lectura super epistolas Pauli Apostoli, the Compendium theologiae, the Responsio de 108 articulis, part of the Quaestiones disputatae de malo, the Catena aurea in Ioannem, the De regno ad regem Cypri, the Quaestiones disputatae de spiritualibus creaturis, and at least the first book of the Sententia Libri De anima, Aquinas' commentary on Aristotle's De anima, the translation of which from the Greek was completed by Aquinas' Dominican associate at Viterbo William of Moerbeke in 1267.[16]

Nicholas Brunacci [1240-1322] was among Aquinas' students at the Santa Sabina studium and later at Paris. In November 1268 he was with Aquinas and his associate and secretary Reginald of Piperno, as they left Viterbo on their way to Paris to begin the academic year.[17] Brunacci was called "the second Thomas Aquinas" by Albert the Great, his teacher at Cologne after 1272.[18] Other students of Aquinas' at the Santa Sabina studium included Blessed Tommasello da Perugia,[19] and Annibaldo degli Annibaldi (1230c.-1272c.), who after completing his preliminary studies was sent to the studium generale at Paris c. 1255.[20]

The chronicles of the churches of San Domenico at Perugia and San Domenico at Orvieto attest that the Santa Sabina studium played the special role of frequently providing papal theologians from among its members. Jacob of Ranuccio, who was lector at Santa Sabina, served in the Roman Curia and was made a bishop in 1286.[21] Hugh Aycelin, also known as Hughes of Billom of the French province of the Order also served as a lector at Santa Sabina and was made bishop in 1294.[22] Similarly, Nicholas Brunacci [1240-1322], a former student of Aquinas at the Santa Sabina studium and at the University of Paris,[17] later was lector at Santa Sabina, and served in the papal curia.[23]

With the departure of Aquinas for Paris in 1268 and the passage of time, the principal pedagogical activities of the Order at Rome were distributed between the Santa Sabina studium and the priory Convent of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, which had a modest beginning in 1255, but which grew rapidly in size and importance.[24] In 1288 Santa Maria sopra Minerva was designated a studium particularis theologiae,[25] and in 1291 the Santa Sabina studium was redesignated as one of three studia nove logice focusing on the logica nova, the texts of Aristotle's logical corpus that were recovered in the West only in the second half of the 12th century.[26] Giovanni Zocco da Spoleto was a student of logic at the Santa Sabina studiuim in 1331[27] Bartolomeo da San Concordio, author of the Summa de casibus coscientiae (1338) was appointed lector at the Santa Maria sopra Minerva studium in 1299.[28] In 1305 the studium at Santa Maria sopra Minerva became one of four studia naturarum established in the Roman province.[29] In that year Jacopo da Varazze served as lector there,[30] as did Giovanni da San Gemignano, author of Sermones dominicales, pro adventu, Quadragesimale, Sermones de sanctis, de mortuis.[31] In 1305 at the studium at Santa Maria sopra Minerva Fr. Angelo of Orvieto taught Aristotle's Metaphysics and De anima along with its commentaries.[32] Paolo di Aliotto da Narni was lector at Santa Maria sopra Minerva in 1313.[33] Niccolò da Prato (+1321) served as lector at the studium at Santa Maria sopra Minerva.[34] Ambrogio da Chianciano (+1339) was lector there,[35] as was Tancredi dei Beccari da Orvieto.[36] Iacopo Passavanti, after finishing his studies in Paris c. 1333 was lector at the studium at Santa Maria sopra Minerva.[37] In 1338 Stefano da Rieti[38] and Giovanni dall’Incisa (+1348)[39] were lectors at the studium at Santa Maria sopra Minerva.

Modern development

In 1304 the Order's general chapter commanded that each of the Order's provinces establish a studium generale in order to meet the demand of its rapidly growing membership.[40] The studium at Santa Maria sopra Minerva served in this capacity for the Roman Province from 1426 to 1539.[41] In 1507 Antonio Caramanico was appointed regent master of the studium generale.[42] On 12 May 1512, the Master of the Order Thomas de Vio (Cajetan) appointed Gaspare da Perugia (1465–1531) regent master of the studium at Santa Maria sopra Minerva.[43] In 1539 during the general chapter at Rome Bartolomé Carranza de Miranda was awarded the title of Master of Sacred Theology by the studium.[44] Giacomo Nacchiante (1502–1596) taught philosophy and theology at the College of St. Thomas in the mid 1550s.[45] In 1570 the first edition of Aquinas' opera omnia, the so-called editio Piana, would be produced there.[46]

The late sixteenth century would see the studium at Santa Maria sopra Minerva undergo further transformation. Aquinas, who had been canonized in 1323 by Pope John XXII, was proclaimed the fifth doctor of the Church by Dominican Pope Pius V in 1567. To honor this great doctor, in 1577 Msgr. Juan Solano, O.P., former bishop of Cusco, Peru, generously funded the reorganization of the studium at Santa Maria Sopra Minerva on the model of the College of St. Gregory at Valladolid in his native Spain.[47] The features of this Spanish model included a fixed number of Dominican students admitted on the basis of intellectual merit who were dedicated exclusively to study in virtue of numerous dispensations from other duties, and who were governed by an elected Rector.[48] The result of Solano's initiative was the College of Saint Thomas (Latin: Collegium Divi Thomæ) at Santa Maria sopra Minerva. The college cultivated the doctrines of St. Thomas Aquinas as a means of carrying out the Church's mission in the New World, where personalities like Bartolomé de las Casas, Pedro de Cordova, and Francisco de Vitoria were already engaged.[49]

Diego Alvarez (1550 c.-1635) was professor of theology there from 1596 to 1606.[50] Isidoro Aliaga, (1565–1648) was lector at the College of Saint Thomas in the early 17th century.[51] During this period several regents of the College of St. Thomas were involved in controversies over the nature of divine grace. In 1608 Juan Gonzalez d'Albelda, author of the Commentariorum & disputationum in primam partem Summma S. Thome de Aquino (1621) was the regent of studies at of the College of St. Thomas.[52] In 1630 Vincenzo Candido, author of Disquisitionibus moralibus (1643), was rector of the College.[53] Giovanni Battista de' Marini (1650–69) was lector at the College of Saint Thomas after 1624[54] Nicolò Rodolfi (1557–1650), author of the Apologia perfectionis vitae spiritualis (1632), became rector of the College of St. Thomas in 1630.[55] In 1635 Juan Gonzales de Leon was regent[56] Giovanni Battista Galvani was baccalaureaus at the College of Saint Thomas in 1646, and was appointed regent in 1662.[57] In 1677 Gregorio Selleri was lector at the studium of S. Maria sopra Minerva.[43] In 1681 Juan Melendez (+1690), author of Теsoros verdaderos de las Indias, en la Historia de la gran Provincia del Peru was regent at the College.[58]

At the general chapter of Rome in 1694 Fr. Antonio Cloche, Master General of the Dominican Order, affirmed that the College of St. Thomas constituted the studium generale of the Roman province of the Order.[59] The college became an international centre of Thomistic specialization, open to members of various provinces of the Dominican Order and to ecclesiastical students, local and foreign.

In 1698, Cardinal Girolamo Casanata, the Librarian of the Holy Roman Church, established the Biblioteca Casanatense at the Convent of Santa Maria sopra Minerva.[60] This library was independent of both the convent and the college, and sponsored its own Chairs in Thomistic theology.[61] At Casanate's death in 1700 the library was inherited by the convent and opened to the general public.

In 1701 Agostino Pipia (1660–1730) was regent of the College .[62] On May 26, 1727, Pope Benedict XIII granted to all Dominicans major houses of study, and thus, to the College of Saint Thomas, the right of conferring academic degrees in theology to students outside the order. Giuseppe Agostino Orsi (1692–1761) was professor of theology at the College of St. Thomas in 1732.[63] Thomas Ripoll, future Master of the Dominican Order, was professor of theology at the College of Saint Thomas in the mid 1750s.[64] Francesco Albertini (1770–1819) completed his theological studies at the College of Saint Thomas in 1795.[65]

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century the suppression of religious order hampered the mission of the College. During the French occupation of Rome from 1797 to 1814 the College was in declined and even briefly closed its doors from 1810 to 1815.[66] The Order gained control of the Convent once again in 1815 only to be expropriated by the Italian government in 1871 , and in 1873 the Collegium Divi Thomæ de Urbe was forced to leave the Minerva. Throughout this upheaval the pedagogical activities of the College's faculty of theology were carried out at various locations around Rome.[67] The rector of the college during this period, Tommaso Maria Zigliara, with other professors and students took refuge with the Fathers of the Holy Ghost at the French College in Rome. Lectures were continued there until a house near the Minerva was procured for the College.[68]

Giacinto Achilli (1803–1860), author of Dealings with the inquisition: or, Papal Rome, her priests, and her Jesuits ... (1851), was made Master of Sacred Theology at the College of St. Thomas in 1833[69] Alberto Guglielmotti (1812–1892) completed his theology studies in philosophy and theology at the College of Saint Thomas in 1837 and was immediately made professor of physics and mathematics there. In 1849 he was made Master of Theology and Regent of Studies at the College.[70] Thomas Nicholas Burke (1830–1882) was a student of philosophy and theology at the College of St. Thomas in 1848, and was made lector in 1854[71] Joseph Mullooly (1812–1880) became lector in Sacred Theology at the priory of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, Rome in 1849. Later he would be famed for initiating the excavations at the Roman Basilica of San Clemente.[72] Hermann Ernst Plassmann (1817–1864) became a Master of Sacred Theology at the college in 1856.[73] Henri Didon (1840–1900) complete his studies at the College of Saint Thomas in 1862.[74] Filippo Maria Guidi (1815–1879) was professor of philosophy and theology at the College of Saint Thomas in the mid 1800s.[75] Thomas Esser (1850–1926), author of Die Lehre des hl. Thomas von Aquino über die Möglichkeit einer anfanglosen Schöpfung (Munster, 1895), studied theology at the College of Saint Thomas in 1874 with Thomas Maria Zigliara, Raffaele Pierotti, and Giacinto Frati.[76]

In response to the disarray of religious educational institutions Pope Leo XIII, in his encyclical Aeterni Patris of 4 Aug. 1879, called for the renewal of Christian philosophy, and particularly for the study of the doctrines of Aquinas. Given this combined leadership the College began once again to gain status and influence. Leo XIII founded the Faculty of Philosophy in 1882, and the Faculty of Canon Law in 1896.

Contemporary history

At at the dawn of the twentieth century the Dominican conception of intellectual formation at Rome was transformed once again. The general chapters of 1895 (Avila) and 1901 (Ghent) had called for the expansion of the College of St. Thomas so as to meet the growing educational needs of the modern world. In 1904 Pius X granted permission for diocesan seminarians to attend the College of St. Thomas.

The Chapter of 1904 (Viterbo) directed Hyacinthe-Marie Cormier, O.P., the newly elected Master General of the Order of Preachers, to develop the College into a "studium generalissimum for the entire Dominican Order: "Romae erigatur collegium studiorum Ordinis generalissimum, auctoritate magistri generalis immediate subjectum, in quo floreat vita regularis, et ad quod mittantur fratres ex omnibus provinciis." [77]

Cormier responded by stating his intention to establish this new studium as the principal vehicle of dissemination of orthodox Thomistic thought not only among the Dominicans, but also among the secular clergy. Building on the vision of the college established at the Minerva in 1577, this new institution embodied a broader scope and vision directly regulated by the Master of the Order.

The College of Saint Thomas was elevated to the status of Pontificium by Pope Pius X on May 2, 1906, thus making its degrees equivalent to those of the world's other Pontifical universities.[78] By Apostolic Letter of November 8, 1908, signed by the Supreme Pontiff on November 17, the college was transformed into the Collegium Pontificium Internationale Angelicum. At this time the College opened its doors in Via San Vitale 15. Cormier lead the development of the Angelicum until his death in 1916, establishing the principal guidelines for the institution as it exists today.[79]

The rectorship of Tommaso Maria Zigliara (1833–1893), Alberto Lepidi (1838–1922), and Sadoc Szabó had brought the college to a high degree of excellence, and its enrollment climbed from 120 in 1909 to over 1,000 during the 1960s.[80] On June 29, 1923 Pius XI's encyclical Studiorum ducem singled out the College of St, Thomas as the official "sedes Thomae", the world's preeminent institution for the study of the doctrine of Aquinas.[81] In 1924 the future Archbishop and now Servant of God Fulton Sheen (1895–1979) earned a doctorate in sacred theology at the Angelicum.[82]

The year 1926 saw the Angelicum become an institute with its change of name to Pontificium Institutum Internationale Angelicum. In 1932 the Angelicum moved to the appropriately more extensive complex of buildings comprising the ancient Dominican monastery of Saints Dominic and Sixtus on Rome's Esquiline hill. The institution changed its name once again in 1942 becoming the Pontificium Athenaeum Internationale Angelicum.

In 1950 the Angelicum's Institute of Spirituality was founded and incorporated into the Faculty of Theology; a year later the Institute of Social Sciences was founded within the Faculty of Philosophy. This institute would be established as its own faculty in 1974. The Angelicum is the only Pontifical university offering an advanced program in the study of Ecumenism.

On March 7, 1963, Pope John XXIII, with the motu proprio Dominicanus Ordo,[83] raised the Angelicum to the rank of a Pontifical University. Thereafter it would be known as the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas in the City (Latin: Pontificia Studiorum Universitas a Sancto Thoma Aquinate in Urbe).

The Angelicum today

Today the Angelicum is noted especially for its Thomistic studies sections, a tradition that extends back to its earliest foundations. As the official Sedes Thomae in Rome, it provides students with the opportunity to immerse themselves in the Thomistic and Dominican tradition of theology and philosophy. To that end, the Angelicum has always boasted distinguished faculty. Notable figures from just the last hundred years include such leading exponends of Thomism as Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange, Martin Grabmann, Marie-Dominique Chenu, Józef Maria Bocheński, and Cornelio Fabro. Some very recent notable figures associated with the Angelicum include Jordan Aumann, Christoph Cardinal Schönborn, Aidan Nichols, Wojciech Giertych, Theologian of the Papal Household under Pope Benedict XVI, and Bishop-elect Charles Morerod, immediate past Rector Emeritus of the Angelicum and former Secretary of the International Theological Commission, and Sr. Helen Alford, Dean of the Angelicum Faculty of Social Sciences, and Consultant to the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace.

Notable alumni and faculty

Main article: List of people associated with the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas

Other distinguished students and faculty including many bishops, archbishops and cardinals of the Catholic Church are mentioned in the list of people associated with the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas

Academics

The Angelicum grants three cycles of academic degrees: the first cycle leading to the baccalaureate degree; the second cycle leading to the licentiate degree; the third cycle leading to the doctorate. Beyond its Italian baccalaureate, licentiate, and doctoral programs, the Angelicum offers English programs in Philosophy and Theology for the first cycle, and part of the second and third cycles. The faculties of Social Sciences and Canon Law offer degrees only in Italian.

Faculties

Institutes

Incorporated institutions

Aggregated institutions[105]

Affiliated institutions[105]

Associated institutions[106]

Related Programs

The Journal Angelicum & Oikonomia

The Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas is home to the journal Angelicum. Founded in 1924 to promote the authentic tradition of Dominican Thomism, Angelicum fosters engagement with contemporary intellectual culture from a historical and systematic perspective. Angelicum publishes articles on topics in theology, philosophy, canon law, and social science in the principal European languages.[109]

Oikonomia is the journal of the Faculty of Social Sciences (FASS) of the Pontifical University of St Thomas in Rome (PUST). It is a collaborative project of the lecturers and students of the faculty, and of scholars who work with the FASS. The issues that are covered are those of the social sciences, as we understand them in our tradition, covering five areas: philosophy, law, history, psico-sociological, economics.

The subjects treated as the journal's editorial profile has developed have ranged from theoretical issues to reports on conferences, to reviews of important new books. Particular attention is given in every number to selecting a text from the recent or distant past, but which always has particular significance for the main theme of the number; this text, the "classic page", is always directly connected with the editorial.

The editorial committee ensures only that a correct methodology has been employed by the author of contributions. It does not vet the content of the articles, for which the sole responsibility lies with the authors.http://www.oikonomia.it/

Notes

  1. ^ Cf. Angelicum Newsletter Blog, The 2011-2012 Official Numbers (November 11th, 2011)
  2. ^ So-called after Thomas Aquinas, know in the scholastic tradition as the Doctor Angelicus since the fifteenth century, Walz, Xenia Thomistica, III, p. 164 n. 4.
  3. ^ http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_15041979_sapientia-christiana_en.html Accessed June 24, 2011
  4. ^ Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologiae, III, 40, 1 ad 2: "Vita contemplativa simpliciter est melior quam activa quae occupatur circa corporales actus, sed vita activa secundum quam aliquis praedicando et docendo contemplata aliis tradit, est perfectior quam vita quae solum contemplatur, quia talis vita praesupponit abundantiam contemplationis. Et ideo Christus talem vitam elegit." Cf. S. th. II, II, 188, 6.
  5. ^ For the Latin text see Omnia disce: medieval studies in memory of Leonard Boyle, O.P. by Anne Duggan, Joan Greatrex, Brenda Bolton, Leonard E. Boyle, 2005, p. 202. http://books.google.com/books?id=2X-DsLOjoMIC&pg=PA202&lpg=PA202&dq=%22Honorius#v=onepage&q=%22Honorius&f=false Accessed 7-2-2011
  6. ^ William Hinnebusch, The Dominicans: A Short History, 1975, Chapter 1: "By requiring that each priory have a professor it laid the foundation for the Order's schools." http://www.domcentral.org/trad/shorthistory/short01.htm Accessed 6-9-2011. See also Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Volume 10, p. 701. "In each convent there was also a studium particulare. http://books.google.com/books?id=pf4hAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA701#v=onepage&q&f=false Accessed 6-9-2011
  7. ^ Compendium Historiae Ordinis Praedicatorum, A.M. Walz, Herder 1930, 214: "Conventus S. Sabinae de Urbe prae ceteris gloriam singularem ex praesentia fundatoris ordinis et primitivorum fratrum necnon ex residentia Romana magistrorum generalium, si de ea sermo esse potest, habet. In documentis quidem eius nonnisi anno 1222 nomen fit, ait certe iam antea nostris concreditus est. Florebant ibi etiam studia sacra." http://www.archive.org/stream/MN5081ucmf_3/MN5081ucmf_3_djvu.txt Accessed 4-9-2011; Pierre Mandonnet, O.P., St. Dominic and His Work, Translated by Sister Mary Benedicta Larkin, O.P., B. Herder Book Co., St. Louis/London, 1948, Chapt. III, note 50: "If the installation at Santa Sabina does not date from 1220, at least it is from 1221. The official grant was made only in June, 1222 (Bullarium O.P., I, 15). But the terms of the bull show that there had been a concession earlier. Before that concession the Pope said that the friars had no hospitium in Rome. At that time St. Sixtus was no longer theirs; Conrad of Metz could not have alluded to St. Sixtus, therefore, when he said in 1221: "the Pope has conferred on them a house in Rome" (Laurent no. 136). It is possible that the Pope was waiting for the completion of the building that he was having done at Santa Sabina, before giving the title to the property, on June 5, 1222, to the new Master of the Order, elected not many days before."
  8. ^ Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Volume 10, p. 701. http://books.google.com/books?id=pf4hAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA701#v=onepage&q&f=false Accessed 6-9-2011
  9. ^ Corpus Thomisticum, http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/a65.html Accessed 4-8-2011
  10. ^ "Tenuit studium Rome, quasi totam Philosophiam, sive Moralem, sive Naturalem exposuit." Ptolomaei Lucensis historia ecclesiastica nova, xxii, c. 24, in In Gregorovius' History of the City of Rome In the Middle Ages, Vol V, part II, 617, note 2. http://www.third-millennium-library.com/PDF/Authors/Gregorovius/history-of-rome-city_5_2.pdf Accessed 6-5-2011.
  11. ^ Marian Michèle Mulchahey, "First the bow is bent in study": Dominican education before 1350, 1998, p. 278-279. http://books.google.com/books?id=bK9axCYcbFIC&pg=PA279#v=onepage&q&f=false Accessed 6-30-2011
  12. ^ Summa theologiae, I, 1, prooemium:"Quia Catholicae veritatis doctor non solum provectos debet instruere, sed ad eum pertinet etiam incipientes erudire, secundum illud apostoli I ad Corinth. III, tanquam parvulis in Christo, lac vobis potum dedi, non escam; propositum nostrae intentionis in hoc opere est, ea quae ad Christianam religionem pertinent, eo modo tradere, secundum quod congruit ad eruditionem incipientium."
  13. ^ Jean-Pierre Torrell, O.P. Saint Thomas Aquinas, vol 1, The Person and His Work, trans. Robert Royal, Catholic University, 1996, 146 ff.
  14. ^ Torrell, Saint Thomas Aquinas, vol 1, Eng. trans. 1996, 161 and note 1.
  15. ^ Torrell, op. cit., 162
  16. ^ Torrell, 161 ff.
  17. ^ a b http://aquinatis.blogspot.com/2008/05/vida-de-santo-toms-de-aquino.html Accessed June 22, 2011: "A mediados de noviembre abandonó Santo Tomás la ciudad de Viterbo en compañía de fray Reginaldo de Piperno y su discípulo fray Nicolás Brunacci." http://www.brunacci.it/s--tommaso.html Accessed June 22, 2011
  18. ^ History of Italian Philosophy, Volume 1, 85, by Eugenio Garin, http://books.google.com/books?id=sVP3vBmDktQC&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=brunacci#v=onepage&q=brunacci&f=false Accessed June 29, 2011; http://www.brunacci.it/s--tommaso.html Accessed June 22, 2011: "Per l'acutezza del suo ingegno, dopo aver studiato nella sua provincia, ebbe l'alto onore di accompagnare S. Tommaso a Parigi nel novembre del 1268. Rimase in quello studio fino al 1272 e di là passò a Colonia sotto la disciplina di Alberto Magno."
  19. ^ http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/92060 Accessed June 29, 2011
  20. ^ "D'altra parte, fonti anche antiche affermano che l'A., entrato ancor giovane tra i domenicani nel convento romano di S. Sabina, dopo i primi studi - verosimilmente già sacerdote - fu inviato per i gradi accademici a Parigi e qui la sua presenza è accertata solo dopo il 1255." http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/annibaldo-annibaldi_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ Accessed June 22, 2011
  21. ^ "Frater Iacobus Raynucii sacerdos, fuit graciosus predicator et lector arectinus et castellanus, lucanus, urbevetanus, in Tuscia provintialis vicarius, et perusinus ac etiam romanus in Sancta Sabina tempore quo curia erat in Urbe. Qui et fuit in pluribus capitulis diffinitor, postmodum prior perusinus; demum factus prior in Sancta Sabina, per papam Honorium de Sabello residentem ibidem, propter suam laudabilem vitam et celebrem opinionem que de ipso erat in romana curia, factus est [1286] episcopus florentinus" (Cr Pg 29v). "Fuit magister eximius in theologia et multum famosus in romana curia; qui actu existens lector apud Sanctam Sabinam" (Cr Ov 28) http://www.e-theca.net/emiliopanella/lector12.htm Accessed May 9, 2011
  22. ^ "Frater Hugo de Bidiliomo provincie Francie, magister fuit egregius in theologia et mul<tum> famosus in romana curia; qui actu lector existens apud Sanctam Sabinam, per papam Nicolaum quartum eiusdem ecclesie factus cardinalis" [16.V.1288]; postmodum per Celestinum papain [1294] est ordinatus in episcopum ostiensem (Cr Pg 3r). http://www.e-theca.net/emiliopanella/lector12.htm Accessed May 9, 2011; See also Rome Across Time and Space: Cultural Transmission and the Exchange of Ideas, 2011, p. 275. http://books.google.com/books?id=xGiHbiqknLgC&pg=PA275&lpg=PA275&dq=%22#v=onepage&q&f=false Accessed 7-10-2011
  23. ^ Frater Nicolaus Brunatii [† 1322] sacerdos et predicator gratiosus, fuit lector castellanus, arectinus, perusinus, urbevetanus et romanus apud Sanctam Sabinam tempore quo papa erat in Urbe, viterbiensis et florentinus in studio generali legens ibidem annis tribus (Cr Pg 37v). Cuius sollicita procuratione conventus perusinus meruit habere gratiam a summo pontifice papa Benedicto XI ecclesiam scilicet et parrochiam Sancti Stephani tempore quo [maggio 13041 ipse prior actu in Perusio erat (Cr Pg 38r). http://www.e-theca.net/emiliopanella/lector12.htm Accessed May 9, 2011
  24. ^ Compendium Historiae Ordinis Praedicatorum, A.M. Walz, Herder 1930, 214: Romanus conventus S. Mariae supra Minervam anno 1255 ex conditionibus parvis crevit. Tunc enim paenitentibus feminis in communi regulariter ibi 1252/53 viventibus ad S. Pancratium migratis fratres Praedicatores domum illam relictam a Summo Pontifice habendam petierunt et impetranint. Qua demum feliciter obtenda capellam hospitio circa annum 1255 adiecerunt. Huc evangelizandi causa fratres e conventu S. Sabinae descendebant. http://www.archive.org/stream/MN5081ucmf_3/MN5081ucmf_3_djvu.txt Accessed 5-17-2011
  25. ^ Marian Michèle Mulchahey, "First the bow is bent in study": Dominican education before 1350, 1998, p. 323. http://books.google.com/books?id=bK9axCYcbFIC&pg=PA323 Accessed 5-26-2011
  26. ^ Marian Michèle Mulchahey, "First the bow is bent in study": Dominican education before 1350, 1998, pp. 236-237. http://books.google.com/books?id=bK9axCYcbFIC&pg=PA236 Accessed 6-30-2011
  27. ^ http://www.e-theca.net/emiliopanella/convento/arezzo18.htm#_ftnref88 Accessed 7-5-2011
  28. ^ Marian Michèle Mulchahey, "First the bow is bent in study": Dominican education before 1350, 1998, p. 454, and note 168. http://books.google.com/books?id=bK9axCYcbFIC&pg=PA454 Accessed 6-30-2011
  29. ^ Marian Michèle Mulchahey, "First the bow is bent in study": Dominican education before 1350, 1998, 269. http://books.google.com/books?id=bK9axCYcbFIC&pg=PA269 Accessed June 29, 2011
  30. ^ Marian Michèle Mulchahey, "First the bow is bent in study": Dominican education before 1350, 1998, 429, note 81. http://books.google.com/books?id=bK9axCYcbFIC&pg=PA429#v=onepage&q&f=false Accessed June 30, 2011
  31. ^ http://centri.univr.it/RM/didattica/strumenti/delcorno/saggi/cap10.htm Accessed July 1, 2011
  32. ^ Marian Michèle Mulchahey, "First the bow is bent in study": Dominican education before 1350, 1998, 270, note 178. http://books.google.com/books?id=bK9axCYcbFIC&pg=PA270 Accessed 5-26-2011
  33. ^ http://www.e-theca.net/emiliopanella/convento/arezzo18.htm Accessed 7-11-2011
  34. ^ http://www.e-theca.net/emiliopanella/nomen2/nicco1.htm Accessed 7-4-2011
  35. ^ Bollettino della Deputazione di storia patria per l'Umbria, Volume 13, 1907, 213. http://books.google.com/books?id=aGRIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA213&#v=onepage&q&f=false Accessed June 22, 2011. See also http://www.e-theca.net/emiliopanella/cronica2/orvie47.htm Accessed June 22, 2011. "Frater Ambrosius de Clanciano, castro clusine dyocesis. Ex utroque parente terre sue, secundum suam genologiam de maioribus et potentioribus traxit originem. Hic infantulus xiiij° etatis sue anno, ordinem est ingressus. Qui minime otium est septatus et inerptiam, set ab ipso sue pueritie evo amplexatus est studium scientiarum in tantum quod effectus est soll(em)nis clericus; et inde est quod fuit lector eugubinus spoletanus ananinus et urbevetanus, viterbiensis et romanus apud Sanctam Mariam super Minervam."
  36. ^ http://www.e-theca.net/emiliopanella/remigio2/re1317.htm Accessed June 29, 2011: "Et quia bona scientia clarebat, meruìt esse lector spoletanus, tudertinus et romanus apud Sanctam Mariam super Minervam."
  37. ^ Giornale storico della letteratura italiana, 1906, vol. 47, 9. http://books.google.com/books?id=J7nUAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA9&lpg=#v=onepage&q&f=false Accessed June 19, 2011
  38. ^ Latin Aristotle Commentaries by Charles H Lohr, 2010, 166. http://books.google.com/books?id=RxDFKEUbsqwC&pg=PA166&lpg=#v=onepage&q&f=false Accessed June 22, 2011.
  39. ^ http://www.e-theca.net/emiliopanella/nomen2/petraca2.htm
  40. ^ William Hinnebusch, The Dominicans: A Short History, 1975, Chapter 2, http://www.domcentral.org/trad/shorthistory/short02.htm Accessed 5-26-2011
  41. ^ In This Light Which Gives Light: A History of the College of St. Albert the Great, Christopher J. Renzi, p. 42: http://books.google.com/books?id=t8qt63uOg6IC&pg=PA42#v=onepage&q&f=false Accessed 4-24-2011
  42. ^ Michael Tavuzzi, Renaissance Inquisitors, 2007, 106, http://books.google.com/books?id=zR6nJxN2UmwC&pg=PA106&#v=onepage&q&f=false
  43. ^ a b Michael Tavuzzi, "Gaspare di Baldassare da Perugia, O.P. (1465-1531): A Little-Known Adversary of Cajetan," Thomist 60 (1996), 595–615. http://www.thomist.org/journal/1996/964aTavu.htm Accessed 6-1-2011
  44. ^ Vizuete, Carlos, 2004, "Fray Bartolomé de Miranda, Dominico y Arzobispo de Toledo, Semblanza de un hombre espiritual". ARCHIVO de Tiempo y Escritura http://www.azc.uam.mx/publicaciones/tye/fraybartolome.htm Accessed June 19, 2011. See also: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03376a.htm Accessed 7-3-2011
  45. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 10, 1911, p. 667. http://books.google.com/books?id=zbdAAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA667&lpg=#v=onepage&q&f=false Accessed 6-2-2011
  46. ^ In This Light Which Gives Light: A History of the College of St. Albert the Great, Christopher J. Renzi, p. 42: http://books.google.com/books?id=t8qt63uOg6IC&pg=PA42#v=onepage&q&f=false Accessed 4-24-2011
  47. ^ Carlo Longo O.P., La formazione integrale domenicana al servizio della Chiesa e della società, Edizioni Studio Domenicano, 1996, "J. Solano O.P. (1505 ca.-1580) e la fondazione del "collegium S, Thomae de Urbe (1577)": "Si andava allora imponendo come modello di formazione teologica il progetto al quale aveva dato inizio alla fine del secolo precedente il vescovo domenicano spagnolo Alonoso de Burgos (+1499), il quale, a partire dal 1487 ed effettivamente dal 1496, a Valladolid aveva fondato il Collegio di San Gregorio, redigendone statuti che, integrati successivamente, sarebbero divenuti modello di una nuova forma di esperienza formativa." http://books.google.com/books?id=gMW2uqe2MCwC&pg=PA156#v=onepage&q&f=false Accessed 4-21-2011
  48. ^ Longo, op. cit.: "Quel collegio nasceva come una comunita` domenicana a numero chiuso, dedita esclusivamente allo studio e governata da un rettore, eletto dapprina annualmente e poi ogni due anni. Vi si accedeva per meriti intellettuali e, usufruendo di molte dispense, non si era distolti da altre occupazioni nel proprio impegno di studio e di ricerca." For a description of this system Longo refers the reader to: G. De Arriaga-M.M. Hoyos, Historia del Colegio de San Gregorio deValladolid, I, Valladolid 1928, pp 61-79, 421-449.]
  49. ^ Cf. Edward Kaczyński O.P., Pontifical University of St. Thomas "Angelicum" in: Grzegorz Gałązka, Pontifical Universities and Roman Athenaea, Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2000, p. 52. ISBN 88-209-2967-8 (casebound) or ISBN 88-209-2966-X (paperbound)
  50. ^ http://oce.catholic.com/index.php?title=Diego_Alvarez Accessed 7-1-2011
  51. ^ http://www.archivalencia.org/contenido.php?a=&pad=100&modulo=67&epis=45 Accessed 6-2-2011
  52. ^ Scriptores Ordinis PraedicatorumII, 1721, by Jacques Quetif, 427. http://books.google.com/books?id=RtE2uzZ5uzoC&pg=PA427&#v=onepage&q&f=false Accessed June 22, 2011; God's permission of sin: negative or conditioned decree? Michael D. Torre, 131, http://books.google.com/books?id=IG77CCWjT20C&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131&dq=%22#v=onepage&q&f=false Accessed June 22, 2011
  53. ^ Monumenta et antiquitates veteris disciplinae Ordinis Praedicatorum ab anno 1216 ad 1348 vol. II, 1864, 140. http://books.google.com/books?id=bM6wwPZorcAC&pg=PA140&lpg=PA140&dq=%22#v=onepage&q&f=false Accessed June 20, 2011; See also http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vincenzo-candido_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ Accessed June 22, 2011
  54. ^ http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/de-marini-giovanni-battista_(Dizionario_Biografico)/ Accessed 7-2-2011
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  56. ^ Augustinianum systema de gratia, ab iniqua Bajani et Janseniani erroris, 51, by Giovanni Lorenzo Berti http://books.google.com/books?id=RZXELHLInQcC&pg=PA51&dq=%22collegii#v=onepage&q=%22collegii&f=false Accessed June 22, 2011
  57. ^ Monumenta et antiquitates veteris disciplinae Ordinis Praedicatorum ab anno 1216 ad 1348 Praesertim in Romana Provincia Praefectorumque qui eandam Rexerunt Biographica Chronotaxis, Volumen Secundum, Romae 1864, by Pio Tomasso Masetti http://books.google.com/books?id=bM6wwPZorcAC&pg=PA151&lpg=PA140&dq=%22#v=onepage&q&f=false Accessed 7-3-2011
  58. ^ Bibliotheca historica By Burcardus Gotthelf Struvius, 1787, 21: Haec ordinis Dominicanorum in Peruvia historia non folum ecclesiastica continet, verum etiam política et geographica, v. c. de variis Americae meridionalis gentibus earumque moribus. http://books.google.com/books?pg=RA1-PA28&dq=%22collegii+s.+thomae%22&ei=http://books.google.com/books?pg=RA1-PA28&dq=%22collegii+s.+thomae%22&ei=i10BTvzxN8Hb0QHBpODGDg&ct=result&id=-m3rQno2_SQC#v=onepage&q=%22 Accessed June 22. 2011.
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  73. ^ http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/p/plassmann_h_e.shtml Accessed 7-12-2011; Filosofía Cristiana en el Pensamiento Católico de Los Siglos XIX y XX Vol. 2, 1988, 331, Emerich Coreth, Walter M. Neidl, Georg Pfligersdorffer http://books.google.com/books?id=9dNHbgYab7QC&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131 Accessed 7-12-2011
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  77. ^ Acts of the General Chapter of 1904, p. 53, reported in Renzi, 43, op. cit. http://books.google.com/books?id=t8qt63uOg6IC&pg=PA43#v=onepage&q&f=false Accessed 6-9-2011
  78. ^ See Acta Sanctae Sedis, Ephemerides Romanae, vol. 39 , 1906 http://www.vatican.va/archive/ass/documents/ASS%2039%20%5B1906%5D%20-%20ocr.pdf Accessed 6-9-2011; Renzi, op. cit. 43: http://books.google.com/books?id=t8qt63uOg6IC&pg=PA43#v=onepage&q&f=false Accessed 4-24-2011
  79. ^ Renzi, op. cit. 44: http://books.google.com/books?id=t8qt63uOg6IC&pg=PA44#v=onepage&q&f=false Accessed 4-24-2011
  80. ^ William Hinnebusch, O. P., The Dominicans, Society of St. Paul, 1975. http://www.domcentral.org/trad/shorthistory/default.htm. Accessed on 4-22-2011
  81. ^ Renzi, 44, op. cit. Accessed 6-9-2011
  82. ^ http://www.allendrake.com/elpasohistory/sheen/shncaps1.htm Accessed 7-4-2011
  83. ^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis 55 (1963), pp. 205-208.
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  85. ^ Benedict Ashley, The Dominicans http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15759a.htm Accessed 5-24-2011; James Burtchaell, Catholic Theories of Biblical Inspiration Since 1810: A Review and Critique, Theology, Cambridge 1969, 130. http://books.google.com/books?id=dOo7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA130&lpg=PA130&dq=%22Antoninus+Dummermuth%22+Zigliara&source=bl&ots=kCjr0BQGvr&sig=HcI1Nz5Udwp4IwWMIYuGtySe120&hl=en&ei=BGncTYKaD5LpgQf23JwI&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Antoninus%20Dummermuth%22%20Zigliara&f=false Accessed 5-24-2011
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  87. ^ Address of Fr. Joseph Agius, Rector Magnificus of the Angelicum on the occasion of the presentation of the Alumni Achievement Award to His Emminence John Patrick Cardinal Foley, Grand Master of The Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem, Saturday, April 18, 2009. http://angelicumnewsletter.blogspot.com/2009_04_01_archive.html Accessed 4-24-2011
  88. ^ Ite ad Thomam, http://iteadthomam.blogspot.com/2009/11/edouard-hugon-wikipedia-article.html Accessed 4-24-2011
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  90. ^ Ite ad Thomam, loc. cit.
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  97. ^ Even though his doctoral work was unanimously approved in June 1948, he was denied the degree because he could not afford to print the text of his dissertation (an Angelicum rule). In December of that year, a revised text of his dissertation was approved by the theological faculty of Jagiellonian University in Kraków, and Wojtyła was finally awarded the degree.
  98. ^ Cf. Holy See Press Office, His Holiness John Paul II, Biography, Pre-Pontificate: 1946
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  100. ^ http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/88132 Accessed 7-12-2011
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  105. ^ a b c Cf. Pontificia Università S. Tommaso d'Aquino Angelicum, Ordine degli studi - Order of Studies, Anno accademico - Academic Year 2008-2009, Istituti collegati con l’Università – Institutes Connected with the University, p. XXI.
  106. ^ Cf. Pontificia Università S. Tommaso d'Aquino Angelicum, Ordine degli studi - Order of Studies, Anno accademico - Academic Year 2008-2009, Istituti associati, p. 226. (Italian)
  107. ^ See: Pontificia Università S. Tommaso d'Aquino Angelicum, Ordine degli studi - Order of Studies, Anno accademico - Academic Year 2008-2009, Cattedra Cardinale Pavan per l'etica sociale, pp. 224-225. (Italian)
  108. ^ See: Pontificia Università S. Tommaso d'Aquino Angelicum, Ordine degli studi - Order of Studies, Anno accademico - Academic Year 2008-2009, Tillard Chair, p. 131.
  109. ^ http://www.pust.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67%3Arivista-angelicum Accessed 6-9-2011

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